Q1.What is meant by “colonialism” in the context of Indian history?
Colonialism refers to a political and economic system in which a powerful country controls another region, exploits its resources, and dominates its people through military and administrative power. In India, British colonialism meant political control, economic exploitation of agriculture and industries, and deep interference in social and cultural life.
Q2.Explain the term “subsidiary alliance” introduced by the British.
Subsidiary alliance was a treaty system under which an Indian ruler accepted British troops in his territory and agreed not to keep his own armed forces or make alliances with other powers. In return, he paid the British for the maintenance of these troops and accepted British “protection”, which reduced him to a dependent ally.
Q3.What were the main causes of the Revolt of 1857?
The Revolt of 1857 had political causes like annexation under the Doctrine of Lapse, economic causes like high land revenue and destruction of traditional industries, and social-religious causes like fear of conversion and interference in customs. The immediate cause was the anger of sepoys over greased cartridges suspected to contain cow and pig fat.
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Q4.What is meant by “Permanent Settlement” of land revenue in Bengal?
The Permanent Settlement, introduced in 1793, fixed land revenue permanently with zamindars, making them hereditary landowners. They had to pay a fixed amount to the Company every year, and in return they could keep the surplus. This created a new class of landlords but often resulted in oppression of peasants and revenue pressure on zamindars.
Q5.Why is the Champaran Satyagraha considered a landmark in Gandhi’s political career?
Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Gandhi’s first successful experiment with satyagraha in India against the exploitation of indigo peasants by European planters. It established his method of non-violent mass struggle and brought him into direct contact with rural India, making him a national leader of the freedom movement.
Q6.What do you understand by “Non-Cooperation Movement”?
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) was a mass movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, asking Indians to withdraw cooperation from British institutions like schools, law courts and councils. It aimed to resist colonial rule peacefully by boycotting foreign cloth, returning titles, and promoting swadeshi and national education.
Q7.Mention any three features of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Three important features were: (1) open defiance of unjust laws, symbolised by the Salt March and making of illegal salt; (2) boycott of foreign goods, refusal to pay taxes, and resignation from some government posts; (3) large participation of peasants, women, and different social groups, making it a broad-based national movement.
Q8.What were the main objectives of the Indian National Congress when it was founded in 1885?
In its early years, the Congress aimed to create a platform for political dialogue among educated Indians from different regions, promote national unity, and place moderate demands before the British such as expansion of legislative councils and Indianisation of services. It tried to achieve reforms through petitions, resolutions, and constitutional methods.
Q9.Explain the significance of the Lahore Session of the Congress in 1929.
At the Lahore Session (1929), the Congress adopted the goal of complete independence (Purna Swaraj) instead of dominion status and decided to observe 26 January 1930 as Independence Day. It also authorised the launching of a civil disobedience campaign, which led to the Salt Satyagraha and intensified the freedom struggle.
Q10.What were the main features of the Indian Constitution that reflected the legacy of the national movement?
The Constitution adopted principles like sovereignty of the people, universal adult franchise, and fundamental rights to equality and freedom, reflecting democratic aspirations of the freedom struggle. It also provided for a secular state, social justice through affirmative action, and a strong yet federal structure to integrate diversity within a united nation.
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