Concept of language skills
Language educators have long used the concepts of four basic language skills.
1.Listening
2.Speaking
3. Reading
4. Writing
The four basic skills are related to each other by two parameters
(1) The mode of communication : oral or written
(2) The direction of communication : receiving or producing the message.
{1} Listening -
Listening comprehension is the receptive skills in the oral mode.When we speak of listening what we really means is listening and understanding what we hear.
listening Situations
There are two kinds of listening Situations in which we find ourselves.
Interactive And non-interactive
Interactive listening Situations include face-to-face conversations and telephone calls,in which we are altarnetely listening and speaking,and in which we have a chance to ask for clarification,repetition, or slower speech from our conversation partner.Some Non-interactive listening Situations are listening to the radio,TV,films, lecture's,or sermons.In such situations we usually Don't have the opportunity to ask for clarification,slower or repetition.
Micro Skills
Richardes (1983,cited in Omaggio,1986) proposes that the following are the micro- skills involved in understanding what someone says to us.The listener has to___
✓ Retain chunks of language in short term memory.
✓ Discriminate among the distinctive sounds in the new language.
✓ Recognize stress and rhythm patterns,tone patterns, intonational contours.
✓ Recognize reduced forms of words.
✓ Distinguish word boundaries
✓ Recognize typical word _ order patterns
✓ Recognize vocabulary
✓ Detect key words,such as those identifying topics and ideas
✓ Guess meaning from context
✓ Recognize grammatical word classes
✓ Recognize cohesive devices
✓ Recognize basic synactic patterns
✓ Detect sentence constituents, such as subject,verb object, prepositions,and the like...
{2} Speaking
Speaking is a productive skill in oral mode.it like The other skills is more complicated than it seems at first and involves more than just pronouncing words.
Speaking situations
There are three kinds of speaking situations in which we find ourselves
1 Interactive
2 partially interactive
3 non - interactive
interactive speaking situations includes face to face conversation and telephone calls in which we are alternately listening and speaking and in which we have a chance to ask for clarification repetitions or slower speech from our conversation partner. Some sticking situations are partially interactive, such as when giving a speech to a live audience,where the conversation is that the audience does not interrupt the speech,the speaker narvarthLes can see the audience and just from the expressions on their faces and body language weather or not he or she is being understood.
some speaking situations maybe totally known intractive such as when recording a speech for a radio broadcast.
Micro - Skills
here are some of the micro skills involved the speaking the speaker has to...
✓ pronounce the distinctive sounds of a language clearly enough so that people can distinguish them. This includes making tonal distinctions.
✓Use stress and rhythmic pattern,and intonation pattern of the language clearly enough so that people can understand what is said.
✓ Use the correct form of the words, jismein mean for example chance in the tense, case or gender.
✓ Put words together in correct word order.
✓ Use vocabulary appropriately
✓ use the register aur language variety that is appropriate to the situation and the relationship to the conversation partner.
✓ Main clear to the listener the main sentence constituent, such as subject, verb ,object by whatever means the language uses.
✓ Make the main idea stand out from supporting ideas or information.
✓ Make discourse hang together so that people can follow what you are saying.
{3} Reading
Reading is the receptive skills in the written mode.it can develop independently of listening and speaking skills but often develops along with them especially in societies with a highly developed literary tradition.reading can help build vocabulary that helps listening comprehension at the stages particular.
MICRO SKILLS
✓ RECOGNISE VOCABULARY
✓ PICK OUT THE KEYWORDS SUCH AS THOSE IDENTIFYING TOPICS AND MAIN IDEAS.
✓ FIGURE OUT THE MEANING OF THE WORDS INCLUDING AND FAMILIAR VOCABULARY FROM THE CONTEXT.
✓ RECOGNISE GRAMMATICAL WORDS CLASSES, NOUN, ADJECTIVE ETC.
✓ DETECT SENTENCE CONSTITUENT THAT IS SUBJECT AND VERB AND OBJECT PREPOSITION ETC.
✓ RECOGNISE BASIC SYNTATIC PATTERNS.
✓ RECONSTRUCT AND ENFER SITUATIONS GOALS AND PARTICIPANTS.
✓ USE BOTH KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD AND LEXICAL INE GRAMMATICAL COHESIVE DEVICE TO MAKE THE FOR GOING INFERENCES PREDICT OUTCOMES AND INFERLINKS AND CONNECTIONS AMONG THE PARTS OF THE TEXT.
✓ GET THE MAIN POINT OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INFORMATION.
✓ DISTINGUISH THE MAIN IDEA FROM SUPPORTING DETAILS.
✓ ADJUST READING STRATEGIES TO DIFFERENT READING PURPOSES SUCH SCHEMING FOR MEN IDEAS OR STUDYING IN DEPTH.
{4} WRITING
Writing is the productive skills in the written mode.it too is more complicated than it seems at first and often seems to be the hardest of the skills even for native speakers of a language since in involves not just a graphic representation of a speech but the development and presentation of thoughts in a structured way.
✓Micro Skills
Here are some of the micro skills involved in writing the writer needs to......
✓ use the orthographic correctly, including the script, the spelling and punctuation conventions.
✓ use the correct form of words. This may mean using form that Express the right tense or case or gender.
✓ put words together incorrect words order.
✓ Wednesday style appropriate to the genre and audience.
✓ make the main sentence constituents such as subject and word and object and clear to the reader.
✓ make the text coherent,so that other people can follow the development of the ideas.
✓ jaj how Mach background knowledge the audience has about subject and make clear what is assumed they don't know.
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